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Since the fall of Communism in 1989, the nature of migration to and from Poland has been in flux. The first post-communist government introduced shock therapy in the process of reforming the economy through the western-style Balcerowicz Plan which – in the following decades – led to a much quicker recovery in comparison to the rest of East-Central Europe but also to a rapid growth in migration. After Poland's accession to the European Union, a significant number of Poles, estimated at over two million, have emigrated, primarily to the United Kingdom, Germany and Ireland. The majority of them, according to the Central Statistical Office (Poland) which collected the data, left in search of better work opportunities abroad while retaining the permanent resident status in the country. After Poland joined the European Union, Polish people acquired the almost unlimited right to work in other EU member states. Peaking in 2007, almost 2.3 million Poles lived abroad,〔 mostly in Western Europe. This has been the largest wave of economic migration of Poles abroad since the Polish emigration to the United States in late 19th and early 20th century, which is estimated to have brought between about 1.5 million, and 3.5 million Poles to the United States.〔 ==Numbers== Emigration of Poles, relatively insignificant in the first decade or so after the fall of communism in 1989,〔Dustmann & Frattini 2012, ( pg. 5. )〕 increased significantly in the late 1990s, with the share of emigrants in the overall Polish population growing from 0.5% (~100,000) in 1998 to 2.3% (~600,000) in 2008.〔Dustmann & Frattini 2012, ( pg. 2. )〕〔Dustmann & Frattini 2012, ( pg. 6. )〕 The percentage of young people attending university has also increased dramatically since 1989 resulting in a 'brain overflow' by the time Poland joined the European Union in 2004. The number of young adults speaking English doubled in just one decade between 1996 and 2008. Many of them were leaving the country immediately after graduation without even trying to find employment locally.〔White 2011, chpt. "Post-communist Poland", pp. 29-30.〕 Since the opening of the labour market following Poland joining the European Union in 2004,〔 Poland experienced a mass migration of over 2 million abroad.〔 As of 2011, 52 out of 1,000 Polish citizens have lived outside the country;〔 estimated at 2.2 million by the Polish Central Statistics Office (GUS), and 2.6–2.7 million by the journalists.〔〔 GUS statistics estimate that the number of long term Polish immigrants abroad have risen from 0.7 million in 2002 to a peak number of almost 2.3 million in 2007,〔 and has since declined to 2 million by 201011.〔(Współczesne migracje zagraniczne Polaków-w świetle badań bieżących i wyników NSP 2011 III Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa „Jakość i warunki życia a procesy demograficzne w Europie Środkowej w czasach nowożytnych” Zielona Góra 24-25 października 2012 r. Dorota Szałtys Departament Badań Demograficznych Główny Urząd Statystyczny )〕 It has remained relatively stable at that level for a short period, following the uncertainty of Global Recession of 200708,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Poland and the EU )〕 through there are indications that the number is slowly raising and is now approaching the peak level of 2.22.3 million again.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Emigracja rośnie: Najwięcej Polaków pracuje w Niemczech i Wielkiej Brytanii )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Czy to naprawdę exodus? )〕 According to a 2013 survey, approximately 14% percent of adult Poles have worked abroad since 2004 (approximately a quarter for over a year); 69% have a family member of a close friend who lives abroad, and approximately 24% are open to immigration in order to look for a better job.〔CBOS BS/166/2013: POAKCESYJNE MIGRACJE ZAROBKOWE . http://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2013/K_166_13.PDF, p.3,7〕 Majority of Polish migrants or those considering leaving are young; according to a 2014 survey approximately 90% of Poles under 34 have considered some form of migration.〔("Polska mnie rozczarowała". W emigracji nie chodzi już tylko o pieniądze" ) Karolina Nowakowska Gazeta Prawna 24.10.2014, 12:22〕 Over the past decade or so, there has been a visible trend that migrants are increasingly likely to be young and well-educated.〔〔 Professor Krystyna Iglicka has estimated that up to half a million Poles emigrated in 2013. As of 2011, approximately 80% of Polish emigrants settle in the countries of the European Union.〔 As of 2013, the largest group of modern Polonia can be found in the United Kingdom (650,000), followed by that in Germany (550,000).〔 Significant Polish presence can also be found in Ireland (115, 000 as of 2013), in Italy (94,000 as of 2011), in the Netherlands (103,000 as of 2013), and in France (63,000 as of 2013).〔("Sueddeutsche Zeitung": Polska przeżywa największą falę emigracji od 100 lat )〕〔〔Informacja o rozmiarach i kierunkach emigracji z Polski w latach 2004–2013, 2014, GUS, ()〕 As of 2011, the largest groups of recent Polish emigrants Poles outside EU were those in the United States (243,000) and in Canada (52,000).〔 The number of Poles in Norway, itself not an EU member, has significantly increased recently (from 43,000 in 2011 to 71,000 as of 2013).〔〔 Different regions of Poland have significantly different emigration patterns; as of 2011 the voivodeships of Poland with the highest number of emigrants were the Opole Voivodeship (10.6%), Podlaskie Voivodeship (9.1%), Podkarpackie Voivodeship (8.4%) and Warmińsko-mazurskie Voivodeship (7.5%), contrasted with much smaller emigration percentage from Mazowieckie Voivodeship (2.8%), Łódzkie Voivodeship (2.9%) and Wielkopolskie Voivodeship (3.1%).〔〔 Overall, the emigration is higher in the poorer, eastern region of Poland.〔CBOS BS/166/2013: POAKCESYJNE MIGRACJE ZAROBKOWE . http://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2013/K_166_13.PDF, p.8-9〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Migrations from Poland since EU accession」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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